The Genome India Project, funded and coordinated by the Department of Biotechnology, recently completed sequencing 10,000 Indian genomes. This milestone marks the analysis of complete genomes from individuals to create a ‘reference’ Indian human genome.
Significance of Genome Sequencing
- Representation vs. Population: While 10,000 individuals may not fully represent India’s population of over a billion, it serves as a foundational template for further insights.
- Application in Disease Management: Genome sequencing aids in combating diseases by identifying genetic correlations, such as the discovery in 2009 linking an aberration in the MYBPC3 protein to a higher risk of heart failure, particularly prevalent among individuals of Indian ancestry.
Genetic Diversity in India
- Population Diversity: India harbors close to 4,500 population groups, reflecting a vast genetic diversity.
- Endogamy and Genetic Variants: Historical practices like endogamy, especially along caste lines, have led to the persistence of rare genetic variants, some of which may be harmful.
Evolution of Genome Projects
- Evolution of Genome Sequencing: The Human Genome Project, completed in 2003, promised a future of personalized medicine by decoding the human genome. However, subsequent decades have revealed the complexity of genetic influences on diseases.
- Challenges and Realities: Despite advancements in understanding monogenic diseases, the practical application of genetic knowledge has been limited, often due to the high cost of necessary treatments.
Future Directions
- Expanding Genome Sequencing: The Genome India Project should aim to exceed the 10,000 genomes mark.
- Inclusive Collaboration: To maximize impact, findings should be accessible and involve collaborations with diverse stakeholders, including scientists, students, technology companies, ethicists, and social scientists.
Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) with Answers:
- What does the completion of sequencing 10,000 Indian genomes signify?
- A) The establishment of a global human genome database
- B) The creation of a ‘reference’ Indian human genome
- C) The identification of all disease-causing genes in India
- D) The development of personalized medicine for Indian population
- Answer: B) The creation of a ‘reference’ Indian human genome
- What is a significant immediate application of genome sequencing mentioned in the passage?
- A) Identifying genetic variants for cosmetic enhancements
- B) Combating diseases through genetic correlations
- C) Predicting future life expectancy based on DNA analysis
- D) Creating genetically modified crops specific to Indian climate
- Answer: B) Combating diseases through genetic correlations
- What historical practice in India is mentioned as a factor contributing to the persistence of rare genetic variants?
- A) Genetic engineering
- B) Endogamy along caste lines
- C) Adoption of foreign genetic traits
- D) Migration patterns
- Answer: B) Endogamy along caste lines
- What challenge has tempered the initial expectations of genome sequencing projects like the Human Genome Project?
- A) Inability to identify any genetic correlations
- B) High success rate in curing monogenic diseases
- C) Complexity of genetic influences on diseases
- D) Accessibility of necessary treatments for all patients
- Answer: C) Complexity of genetic influences on diseases