Sharath Kamal, a 41-year-old table tennis player, won seven gold medals at the Commonwealth Games. As the 2024 Paris Olympics began on July 26, he intensified his preparations through genetic screening, an emerging trend among athletes.
Genetic Screening in Sports
In March, Kamal opted for genetic screening to address performance concerns due to his age. The tests revealed his food allergies and required vitamins and minerals. Genetic screening, becoming increasingly popular, is used to enhance athletic performance. For example, the Board of Control for Cricket in India began using genetic tests in 2017 to improve various performance metrics for their cricket team.
History and Science of Genetic Testing
Genetic testing, used for disease detection initially, began influencing sports in the late 1990s. Scientists discovered that genes affect athletic performance aspects such as endurance and flexibility. Genetic tests analyze DNA, a molecule in cells containing instructions for body functions and traits. Variants in DNA sequences influence nutrient absorption and metabolism.
Notable Genetic Findings in Athletes
Eero Antero Mäntyranta, a Finnish skier, demonstrated how genetic advantages can impact performance. His red blood cell count was significantly higher due to a rare gene mutation. Research shows that genetic factors explain up to 66% of differences in athlete status, with the rest influenced by environmental factors.
Key Genes and Their Impact
- ACE Gene: This gene, involved in blood pressure and muscle function, has variants linked to endurance and strength. A 2002 study highlighted that ACE-I is associated with endurance, while ACE-D is linked to strength.
- ACTN3 Gene: Produces a protein in fast-twitch muscle fibers, influencing short, powerful movements. Variants like R577 and 577X impact performance, with 577X being more common in endurance athletes.
Applications of Genetic Testing
Genetic testing aids athletes in optimizing their diets and identifying food allergies. For instance, Kamal discovered his lactose intolerance. Tests can suggest dietary adjustments to enhance performance.
Limitations and Criticisms
Despite advancements, some studies find weak associations between specific genes and sports performance. Research often suffers from small sample sizes and variability. The International Federation of Sports Medicine cautions against using these tests for performance prediction or talent identification.
Emerging Technologies in Sports
Biometrics, analytics, and AI are increasingly integrated into sports. Wearables monitor physiological metrics, and AI scans literature for new gene variants related to performance. The Khelo India Rising Talent Identification programme uses AI to assess young athletes, predicting potential based on various parameters.
Conclusion
While genetic testing and new technologies hold promise, there are still gaps in understanding gene interactions and their impact on sports performance. Continued research and cautious application are necessary to fully leverage these advancements.
Multiple-Choice Questions (MCQs):
- What prompted Sharath Kamal to undergo genetic screening?
- A. His recent injury
- B. Preparation for the 2024 Paris Olympics
- C. A recommendation from his coach
- D. A requirement by the sports federation
- Which gene variant is associated with endurance performance according to a 2002 study?
- A. ACTN3-R577
- B. ACE-D
- C. ACE-I
- D. 577X
- What is the primary function of the ACTN3 gene?
- A. Regulating blood pressure
- B. Producing a protein in fast-twitch muscle fibers
- C. Enhancing muscle recovery
- D. Controlling nutrient metabolism
- Which of the following is a criticism of genetic testing in sports?
- A. It is too expensive for most athletes
- B. It has been proven to predict performance with high accuracy
- C. Studies often have small sample sizes and variability
- D. It is not widely used in sports
- What technology is increasingly used alongside genetic testing to monitor athletes?
- A. Virtual reality
- B. Artificial intelligence (AI)
- C. Augmented reality
- D. Quantum computing