COVID-19, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, affects various organs and systems in the human body. Researchers are still exploring the full extent of the virus’s impact, but it is known to cause damage to the lungs, heart, brain, kidneys, and blood vessels. Additionally, COVID-19 has been linked to several complications, including Kawasaki disease in children.
Surge in Kawasaki Disease Post-COVID-19
Dr. Annie Arvind, a Consultant in Pediatric Cardiology at Sri Madhusudan Sai Institute of Medical Sciences and Research (SMSIMSR), Bengaluru, reported a notable increase in Kawasaki disease cases among children following the second wave of COVID-19.
Details from Dr. Arvind:
- Kawasaki Disease Rise: The incidence of Kawasaki disease surged during the second wave of COVID-19.
- Symptoms and Complications: Children affected by Kawasaki disease exhibited heart problems, including myocarditis and ventricular dysfunction. Some experienced coronary artery involvement and aneurysms, requiring extended anticoagulation therapy.
Dr. Arvind discussed these issues during the first International Conference on Pediatric Heart Valve Repairs at SMSIMSR.
Overview of Kawasaki Disease
Kawasaki disease, or mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome, primarily affects children under 5 years old. It is a rare condition characterized by fever and inflammation of blood vessels.
Key Points:
- Heart Disease: Kawasaki disease is one of the most common forms of acquired heart disease in children.
- Complications: Without treatment, up to 25% of children with Kawasaki disease may develop complications later in life.
Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C)
A 2022 study published in Frontiers in Pediatrics revealed that children with hyperinflammatory shock following COVID-19 showed symptoms similar to Kawasaki disease.
Comparison with Kawasaki Disease:
- MIS-C Characteristics: This new syndrome, identified by WHO and CDC, overlaps with Kawasaki disease symptoms but often includes additional complications such as left ventricular dysfunction, shock, gastrointestinal abnormalities, and neurological issues.
- Clinical Differences: MIS-C presents with different characteristics compared to conventional Kawasaki disease.
Rheumatic Heart Disease in India
Dr. Arvind also highlighted the ongoing issue of rheumatic heart disease in India, despite a global decline in cases.
Statistics and Impact:
- Prevalence: The incidence of rheumatic heart disease in India ranges from 1 to 5 per 1,000 children aged 5 to 15 years.
- Challenges: The disease remains endemic in India, particularly affecting children in rural areas with limited access to healthcare and resources.
Long-Term Effects:
- Acute rheumatic fever often leads to rheumatic heart disease, affecting individuals into their 20s and 30s.
Importance of Early Diagnosis:
Dr. Arvind stressed the need for early diagnosis and treatment to prevent severe complications and reduce mortality rates.
Multiple-Choice Questions (MCQs):
- What organs and systems can SARS-CoV-2 damage?
- A) Lungs
- B) Heart
- C) Brain
- D) All of the above
- What is Kawasaki disease primarily characterized by?
- A) Fever and inflammation of blood vessels
- B) Respiratory issues
- C) Digestive problems
- D) Neurological symptoms
- Which condition is similar to Kawasaki disease and associated with COVID-19?
- A) Acute Rheumatic Fever
- B) Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C)
- C) Viral Myocarditis
- D) Pneumonia
- What percentage of children with Kawasaki disease may develop complications if untreated?
- A) 10%
- B) 25%
- C) 50%
- D) 75%
- What is the incidence range of rheumatic heart disease in Indian children aged 5 to 15 years?
- A) 0.5 to 2 per 1,000
- B) 1 to 5 per 1,000
- C) 5 to 10 per 1,000
- D) 10 to 15 per 1,000