The Indian Museum, situated in the heart of Central Kolkata, West Bengal, is a revered institution that occupies a unique position in India’s cultural and scientific heritage. Founded in 1814 by the Asiatic Society of Bengal, it not only bears the distinction of being the country’s oldest museum but also proudly claims the title of being the largest. This article delves into the institution’s illustrious history, its eclectic collections, and its profound significance.
The origins of the Indian Museum can be traced back to the Asiatic Society of Bengal, established by Sir William Jones in 1784. The concept of creating a museum began to take shape in 1796, envisioning a space to house and display a diverse array of natural and man-made objects. However, it wasn’t until 1814 that the museum officially came into existence, with Danish botanist Nathaniel Wallich leading the way. Over the years, the institution garnered government support and underwent several expansions and relocations.
In 1867, the foundation stone for the present Indian Museum building was laid on Chowringee Road (now Jawaharlal Nehru Road), a structure designed by W.L. Granville in consultation with Sir Thomas Holland. The museum has played a pivotal role in safeguarding India’s cultural and scientific heritage.
The Indian Museum, being the largest in India, boasts an extensive and diverse collection spanning six sections and comprising thirty-five galleries:
- The museum houses an extensive collection of ancient and medieval Indian artifacts, including sculptures, railings, and gateways from Buddhist stupas like Bharhut and Amaravati. It also houses Buddha’s relics and a replica of the Lion Capital of Ashoka.
- The archaeological section features a wide array of artifacts from different historical periods, with a special emphasis on those from Bengal, Bihar, and Odisha.
- The section dedicated to human societies showcases ethnographic materials and cultural artifacts.
- The geological section focuses on mineral resources and houses an impressive collection of geological specimens.
- The zoology section features galleries dedicated to mammals, birds, insects, and botanical exhibits, even showcasing the skeleton of a dinosaur.
- The botanical section explores plant-related artifacts and materials of economic importance.
The museum’s collections also include rare antiques, meteorites, and prehistoric artifacts. Notably, it houses a 4,000-year-old Egyptian mummy.
The Indian Museum holds a unique and venerable position as a custodian of India’s socio-cultural and scientific accomplishments. It is often considered the harbinger of modernity, marking the end of the medieval era in India’s cultural landscape. The museum has made significant contributions to the preservation and promotion of India’s rich heritage.
Operating as an autonomous organization under the Ministry of Culture, Government of India, the Indian Museum is currently under the directorship of Shri Arjit Dutta Choudhary. The institution also boasts various service units, including preservation, publication, and photography, contributing to its multidisciplinary activities.