Former UK Prime Minister David Cameron engaged in discussions with former US President Donald Trump regarding the provision of increased US aid to Ukraine amidst its ongoing conflict with Russia. The meeting was prompted by challenges within the US Congress, where some Republican lawmakers have been obstructing a $60 billion aid package for Ukraine. Cameron emphasized the importance of US support in degrading Russia's military capacity and strengthening Western alliances. The talks also touched upon strategies for increasing economic pressure on Russia and addressing the West Asian conflict, particularly the ceasefire in Gaza. This diplomatic engagement reflects common democratic practices among nations and aims to address critical geopolitical issues affecting global stability.

India has invoked the peace clause at the World Trade Organization (WTO) for the fifth consecutive time due to breaching the prescribed subsidy limit for rice in the marketing year 2022-23. Despite exceeding the 10% domestic support ceiling, India defended its actions, citing the need to meet domestic food security needs. Expert opinions suggest that the outdated formula for calculating subsidy caps at the WTO contributes to repeated breaches. India is pushing for amendments to address this issue, highlighting the importance of a permanent solution to ensure the sustainability of its public stockholding program.

The Reserve Bank of India’s Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) addressed the challenges posed by food price pressures, noting the persistently high retail food inflation rate of 8.7% in February. Despite this, there is optimism for a potential softening of food inflation due to a decline in global food prices, particularly in commodities like wheat. The weakening El Niño phenomenon raises hopes for improved agricultural output and surplus rainfall, potentially mitigating food inflation pressures in the upcoming year. Importantly, policy decisions regarding imports, especially of wheat and pulses, are anticipated post-elections, aiming to stabilize domestic prices and ensure food security.

Russia's Southern Orenburg region is grappling with a dire situation as the Ural River inundates the city of Orsk, leading to a "federal emergency" declaration. Heavy rainfall, compounded by the bursting of a dam near Orsk, has triggered widespread flooding, prompting the evacuation of thousands of residents. The government has launched a criminal probe into suspected construction violations linked to the dam's failure. While authorities work to manage the crisis, President Putin monitors the situation and directs preparations for potential floods in other regions. The catastrophe underscores the increasing impact of human-induced climate change, prompting a shift in Putin's stance to acknowledge and address environmental challenges.

The United States, Britain, and Australia are in talks to broaden their AUKUS security pact, particularly focusing on "Pillar Two," which involves joint development in areas like quantum computing and cyber technology. While discussions include the potential inclusion of Japan, challenges such as cyber defense capabilities need to be addressed. The decision-making process for new participants is collective among existing AUKUS members. This initiative reflects efforts to counter China's influence in the Indo-Pacific region. Additionally, a trilateral summit involving the US, Japan, and the Philippines highlights regional cooperation and security concerns.

In response to the devastating Chamoli disaster of 2021, the Uttarakhand government has ramped up its focus on evaluating and mitigating the risks associated with Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs). With experts from various scientific disciplines collaborating, the initiative aims to develop predictive models and risk maps to identify areas most vulnerable to GLOFs. This endeavor is part of a broader strategy to enhance disaster preparedness and resilience in Uttarakhand, aiming to protect both human lives and critical infrastructure from the catastrophic consequences of glacial lake outbursts. The proactive approach reflects a commitment to prioritizing the safety and well-being of citizens in the face of mounting environmental threats, particularly in the Himalayan region.

Recent research has uncovered the secrets behind the pristine air of the Southern Ocean, long regarded as the cleanest on Earth. Contrary to previous assumptions, the cleanliness cannot solely be attributed to minimal human activity; natural sources like sea spray and wind-blown dust also play a significant role. Aerosols, fine particles or liquid droplets suspended in the air, are key indicators of air cleanliness. The presence of clouds and rainfall is found to be crucial in scrubbing the atmosphere clean, with distinctive honeycomb-shaped cloud patterns identified as major regulators of climate. Open honeycomb cells, despite appearing less cloudy, are associated with the cleanest air due to their ability to produce intense rain showers, effectively washing aerosol particles out of the atmosphere. These findings not only enhance our understanding of the Southern Ocean's unique atmospheric dynamics but also have broader implications for climate modeling and air quality assessment worldwide.

India has taken a significant step towards enhancing its air defense capabilities with the introduction of the 'Akashteer Command and Control Systems'. Developed collaboratively by a consortium of defense technology firms and the Indian armed forces, this indigenous system integrates various elements of India's air defense network. It offers features such as seamless data integration, real-time monitoring, advanced analytics, and modular design. The system is poised to counter emerging threats like drone incursions and hypersonic threats by leveraging cutting-edge technologies. Its introduction marks a milestone in India's journey towards self-reliance in defense technology, reaffirming the nation's commitment to safeguarding its sovereignty and territorial integrity.

The recent flight test of the Agni-Prime ballistic missile conducted by the Strategic Forces Command (SFC) and the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) from the Dr APJ Abdul Kalam Island off the coast of Odisha signifies a significant advancement in India's missile capabilities. The test, which took place around 7pm on Wednesday, met all trial objectives, confirming the missile's reliable performance. Equipped with a dual redundant navigation and guidance system, Agni-Prime is a two-stage canisterised solid propellant missile with a range of 1,000-2,000 km. This successful test underscores the importance of the Agni series, including Agni-Prime, in India's nuclear weapons delivery system.

Foreign Ministers convened at NATO Headquarters on April 4th, 2024, to commemorate the 75th anniversary of the signing of the North Atlantic Treaty, marking the founding of the Alliance. Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg emphasized NATO's growth and unity, while Admiral Bauer highlighted the commitment of millions of uniformed personnel in safeguarding freedom and democracy. The event included statements from twelve Allied Foreign Ministers marking accession anniversaries, speeches, ceremonial events, and celebratory gestures such as cake-cutting and musical performances. Brussels was adorned with NATO flags and illuminated in NATO blue, showcasing the city's participation in the festivities.

The Strategic Forces Command (SFC) and Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) conducted a successful flight test of the Agni-Prime ballistic missile from Dr APJ Abdul Kalam Island off the coast of Odisha. The test, which occurred around 7 pm, met all trial objectives, confirming the missile's reliable performance. Equipped with a dual redundant navigation and guidance system, the Agni-Prime has a range of 1,000-2,000 km and is lighter than previous Agni series missiles. This test marks another milestone in India's nuclear weapons delivery system, complementing the Prithvi short-range ballistic missiles and fighter aircraft, and solidifying the nation's nuclear triad capability.

The Indian Coast Guard conducted a successful evacuation operation to rescue a 37-year-old fisherman from the fishing boat Pushkar Raj, which was located 50 kilometers away from the coast in the Gulf of Khambat. The fisherman had sustained a bone fracture and a fractured ankle. With only one crew member critically injured on the Pushkar Raj, the Coast Guard swiftly responded by diverting the Interceptor Boat C-409 to the area. After establishing communication with the fishing boat, the injured fisherman was safely evacuated and transported to a government hospital for further medical treatment.

Taiwan was hit by its most powerful earthquake in at least 25 years, resulting in nine fatalities and over 1,000 injuries. Despite Taiwan's earthquake agency reporting a magnitude of 7.2, the US Geological Survey (USGS) recorded it as 7.4. The quake's epicenter was located just 18 kilometers south-southwest of Hualien County, triggering multiple aftershocks, including one measuring 6.5 magnitude. Taiwan's susceptibility to earthquakes is due to its location along the Pacific "Ring of Fire," where the convergence of tectonic plates leads to frequent seismic activity. This horseshoe-shaped zone, spanning approximately 40,250 kilometers, hosts hundreds of volcanoes and earthquake-prone areas along the Pacific Ocean. The interaction between tectonic plates, particularly the Philippine Sea Plate and the Eurasian Plate, contributes to seismic events in Taiwan. Moreover, the Ring of Fire witnesses numerous volcanic eruptions, primarily resulting from the subduction process where one tectonic plate is forced beneath another, leading to magma formation and volcanic activity.

An international team of astronomers and astrophysicists has recently confirmed the existence of the first known tidally locked super-Earth exoplanet, LHS 3844b. Published in The Astrophysical Journal, the researchers utilized a unique methodology involving infrared data from the Spitzer Space Telescope to measure the reflected starlight and infer surface temperatures. This approach allowed them to conclusively determine that one side of LHS 3844b remains cooler than the other, indicating tidal locking. The findings suggest that such planets may be common in the Milky Way galaxy, raising intriguing possibilities for the presence of habitable zones along their boundaries.

Newly disclosed documents from the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) offer a glimpse into the discussions preceding the Katchatheevu agreement between India and Sri Lanka in 1974. These documents unveil consultations between then Tamil Nadu Chief Minister, M. Karunanidhi, and Foreign Secretary Kewal Singh, shedding light on the rationale behind India's decision to cede the Katchatheevu islet. The discussions highlighted the weak legal footing of India's claim over Katchatheevu, coupled with security concerns, including undisclosed oil structures in the area. Furthermore, Foreign Secretary Singh emphasized the urgency of a settlement, citing both domestic pressures and a pro-China lobby in Sri Lanka. Karunanidhi, while expressing willingness to accept the proposed solution, faced political challenges in publicly supporting it, promising cooperation in managing public reaction while withholding sensitive information. Overall, the MEA documents provide valuable insights into the complex considerations that shaped the Katchatheevu agreement of 1974.

On March 31, 2024, a deadly tornado struck the Mainaguri area of Jalpaiguri district, West Bengal, resulting in casualties and extensive damage. Lasting for approximately 10 minutes, the tornado claimed the lives of five individuals and left over a hundred injured. The increasing occurrences of tornadoes in India are attributed to warming trends in the Bay of Bengal and anomalous wind patterns. While historically rare in India, tornadoes have been predominantly reported in the eastern states during the pre-monsoon period, with some instances in northwest India. Unlike countries like the United States, India lacks official monitoring systems for tornadoes. Expert insights suggest that the collision of warm, moist air with dry, cool air, along with specific weather patterns, contributes to tornado formation. The recent tragedy underscores the need for enhanced monitoring and preparedness measures in vulnerable regions.

Comet 12P/Pons-Brooks, affectionately named the 'Mother of Dragons', is currently gracing the skies of the Northern Hemisphere, offering stargazers a captivating sight as it makes its close approach to Earth. This 'Halley-type' comet, with an orbital period of about 71 years, features a nucleus approximately 30 kilometers in diameter and belongs to the Jupiter-family comet group. As it journeys through the inner solar system, its proximity to the Sun allows observers on Earth to witness its passage. Despite being dubbed the devil comet by some, it has garnered its name from the popular culture show "Game of Thrones" due to its association with the "kappa-Draconids" meteor shower. Composed of ice, dust, and rocky material, the comet exhibits variable visibility, shining brightly during peak activity near Earth. Optimal viewing opportunities are expected in late March and early April, providing a chance to catch a glimpse of this celestial phenomenon above the western horizon post-dusk. The periodic nature of Comet 12P/Pons-Brooks enables astronomers to predict its appearances, facilitating the study of its behavior and contributing valuable insights into comet dynamics and solar system evolution.

Coastal areas of central and southern districts in Kerala experienced inundation due to swell waves, locally termed 'Kallakkadal.' The phenomenon flooded beaches in Thiruvananthapuram, Kollam, Alappuzha, and Thrissur districts, prompting heightened alertness from disaster management authorities. Coastal communities faced challenges as sea water surged onto land, necessitating temporary relocations in severely affected regions. Urgent measures were taken, including the prohibition of travel to coastal tourism hubs, temporary ban on tourism activities, and the preparation of relief camps. Scientific warnings highlighted the rough sea conditions along the Kerala coast, urging coastal communities to heed official advisories and take necessary precautions to secure livelihoods and ensure safety.

North Korea conducted a ballistic missile test, firing a projectile into the Sea of Japan, following recent advancements in its missile technology. The South Korean military's Joint Chiefs of Staff confirmed the launch, which occurred shortly after North Korean leader Kim Jong Un oversaw a successful test of a solid-fuel engine for a new-type intermediate-range hypersonic missile. Japan also acknowledged the missile launch, with its coastguard believing the missile had fallen. This marks the third ballistic missile test by North Korea this year, highlighting its ongoing efforts to enhance its missile capabilities. Additionally, North Korea's aggressive posturing, including declaring South Korea its "principal enemy" and making threats of war over territorial disputes, has contributed to escalating tensions in the region.

The Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) has issued a forecast predicting above normal maximum temperatures across most parts of India for the upcoming hot weather season from April to June. This forecast serves as a cautionary warning to citizens and authorities, urging them to prepare for potentially intense heatwaves. Factors contributing to the expected rise in temperatures include global climate patterns like the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and regional weather systems. Concerns have been raised regarding the impact of prolonged heatwaves on vulnerable populations, leading health officials and policymakers to emphasize preventive measures. Citizens are advised to stay hydrated, limit outdoor exposure during peak sunlight hours, and seek shelter in well-ventilated areas. Additionally, local administrations are urged to establish cooling centers and distribute drinking water in densely populated areas. Vigilance and preparedness are deemed essential in mitigating the adverse effects of heatwaves and ensuring the safety and well-being of the population during the upcoming hot weather season.

An international team of scientists, including researchers from India, recently made a groundbreaking discovery indicating the presence of ozone on Callisto, one of Jupiter's largest moons. Published in the March 2024 issue of the journal Icarus, the study investigated the chemical evolution of "SO2 astrochemical ice" under ultraviolet irradiation, shedding light on complex chemical processes in the Solar System. The detection of ozone on Callisto's surface suggests the presence of oxygen, raising questions about the moon's habitability and extending to other icy moons in the Solar System. This finding holds significant implications for our understanding of celestial bodies beyond Earth and their potential to support life.

A recent study published in the science journal Nature unveils the unexpected repercussions of climate change on timekeeping. The study reveals that the accelerating melting of glaciers and ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica, attributed to rising temperatures, is redistributing weight across the planet. This redistribution is subtly slowing down the Earth's rotation on its axis, which directly affects our timekeeping systems based on Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). Initially planned adjustments for the Earth's increased rotation speed may now be postponed due to the melting ice acting as a brake. While some experts express concerns about potential complications in timekeeping systems, others remain skeptical about the predictability of Earth's rotation changes.

NASA's Near-Earth Object Observations Program (NEOO) has recently discovered an imposing asteroid named 2024 UX5, measuring approximately 170 feet in diameter and traveling at a staggering speed of 13798 kilometers per hour. Despite current calculations indicating its safe distance from Earth, continuous monitoring by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) remains essential due to the unpredictable nature of celestial bodies. While not currently on a collision course, the asteroid's sheer size and velocity serve as a reminder of space's inherent dangers, highlighting the importance of NASA's ongoing efforts to track and study Near-Earth Objects (NEOs) for planetary defense strategies.

The global trade landscape faces significant disruption as incidents in the Red Sea region severely affect the critical shipping route through the Suez Canal, responsible for handling 15% of global maritime trade volume. Indian exports, particularly from Gujarat, a manufacturing-heavy state, suffer due to the disruption, leading exporters to resort to air cargo despite higher costs. Industries such as pharmaceuticals, textiles, and engineering goods experience notable impacts. Challenges arise in meeting seasonal demands, especially during peak periods like Ramzan and Easter. The crisis results in a surge in air freight costs, escalating concerns for exporters. As a ripple effect, sea freight costs and insurance premiums also rise, while warehouses grapple with congestion due to piling up of cargo amidst disrupted transportation routes.

Satellites operated by NOAA detected a significant solar flare emanating from the sun's bottom on Thursday, March 28. Classified as an X1.1 flare, it signifies high-intensity solar activity. The flare ionized a portion of Earth's atmosphere, leading to a deep shortwave radio blackout over the Pacific Ocean. Accompanying the flare was a substantial release of plasma known as a coronal mass ejection (CME), initially raising concerns about potential geomagnetic storms. Fortunately, NOAA announced on March 29 that the CME was likely to miss Earth. This event follows a recent surge in solar activity, including a double X-class flare on March 25, indicating the possibility that the sun has entered its peak activity phase, known as solar maximum.

The India-led Group of Friends (GOF) recently held its second meeting, focusing on strengthening legal frameworks to ensure accountability for crimes against peacekeepers. During the meeting, India launched a dedicated database to record such crimes and monitor progress in holding perpetrators accountable. Ambassador Ruchira Kamboj highlighted the GOF's progress, emphasizing insights gained into challenges surrounding accountability. Expert discussions were held on providing legal frameworks to support accountability measures. The meeting underscores the commitment of member states, led by India, towards promoting accountability and upholding the safety of peacekeepers worldwide.

The recent dramatic rescue of Rohingya refugees from the Indian Ocean underscores the enduring crisis faced by this persecuted ethnic group. Despite their roots in Myanmar's Rakhine State, Rohingya are denied citizenship and subjected to discrimination, driving them to flee in search of safety. Escalating violence, particularly in 2012 and 2017, has led to mass exoduses to neighboring countries, notably Bangladesh. However, overcrowded refugee camps in Cox's Bazar exacerbate their suffering, prompting some Rohingya to undertake perilous sea journeys. These voyages, facilitated by human traffickers, often result in tragedy, highlighting the urgent need for regional cooperation and humanitarian action to prevent further loss of life.

Meteorological agencies globally have reported a remarkable event—the polar vortex, typically circulating counterclockwise around the North Pole, has undergone an unprecedented reversal. This reversal, described as a "major reversal event" by experts, has left scientists puzzled. Dr. Emily Chen, a climatologist, expressed astonishment, highlighting the unexpected behavior of the polar vortex. The implications are profound, with potential disruptions to global weather patterns and concerns about the stability of the Arctic ice cap. Intensified research efforts are underway to understand the underlying mechanisms driving this phenomenon, utilizing satellite data, atmospheric models, and ground observations. The event underscores the interconnectedness of Earth's climate systems and emphasizes the urgent need for proactive measures to address the challenges posed by a rapidly changing world.

India has made a significant move by applying to the International Seabed Authority (ISBA) for exploration rights in the Indian Ocean seabed, particularly focusing on the Afanasy Nikitin Seamount (AN Seamount). This application reflects India's strategic interests amid rising concerns about resource exploitation and geopolitical competition in the region. The AN Seamount, rich in cobalt, nickel, manganese, and copper, presents lucrative prospects for mineral extraction. However, India faces challenges regarding overlapping claims with Sri Lanka and the complex legal framework governing continental shelf rights. The outcome of India's application to the ISBA is anticipated later this year, indicating the evolving dynamics of maritime resource management and international relations in the Indian Ocean region.

The International Center for Crop Cultivation (ICCC) has unveiled the Integrated Farm Data Dashboard, a groundbreaking solution presented at a recent agricultural technology conference. This innovative platform aggregates essential data points crucial for farming operations, including soil quality, weather patterns, crop health, and market trends. Utilizing advanced analytics and artificial intelligence, the dashboard provides personalized recommendations tailored to individual farm requirements, departing from generic solutions. With its user-friendly interface, farmers can visualize critical information for informed decision-making at every stage of the farming cycle. Moreover, the dashboard fosters collaboration within the agricultural community by allowing farmers to contribute anonymized data, thus enhancing its predictive capabilities over time. Early adopters have reported promising results, including improvements in crop yields, resource utilization, and profitability. As agriculture faces mounting pressure to meet global food demands while addressing environmental concerns, the Integrated Farm Data Dashboard emerges as a pivotal tool shaping the future of farming.

The Border Roads Organisation (BRO) achieved a significant milestone by connecting a strategically important all-weather road spanning 298 kilometers from Manali to Leh via Darcha and Nimmu on the Kargil–Leh Highway. Emphasizing more than just infrastructure development, the completion of the Nimmu-Padam-Darcha road signifies bridging aspirations and opportunities for the people of Zanskar Valley. This road, now the third axis connecting Ladakh to the hinterland, holds strategic importance due to its shorter distance and traversal of only one pass, Shinkun La. The BRO utilized innovative strategies, such as leveraging the frozen River Zanskar, to accelerate the pace of construction. The completion of this road not only enhances defence preparedness along the Northern Borders but also stimulates economic development in the Zanskar valley. Despite adverse conditions, BRO personnel exhibited unwavering dedication in ensuring the connectivity of this vital axis.

In a groundbreaking discovery, scientists have unearthed a sediment sample from the Bay of Bengal dating back approximately 50,000 years, harboring a giant magnetofossil. Magnetofossils, fossilized remnants of magnetic particles produced by magnetotactic bacteria, offer invaluable insights into Earth's ancient environments. This finding challenges previous notions surrounding the origins of giant magnetofossils, shedding light on the persistence of suboxic conditions in the Bay of Bengal over millennia. Through meticulous examination using magnetic analyses and electron microscopy, researchers have unveiled the intricate structures of these ancient relics, revealing their diverse shapes and confirming their presence alongside conventional magnetofossils. Moreover, the study underscores the significant role played by rivers such as the Godavari, Mahanadi, and Ganga-Brahmaputra in fostering conditions conducive to magnetotactic bacteria growth, thereby contributing to the formation of magnetofossils. This discovery not only expands our understanding of Earth's past but also underscores the importance of interdisciplinary research in unraveling the mysteries of our planet's history.

EAM Jaishankar Reinforces Maritime Cooperation in Strategic Visit to Indian Coast Guard Ship in Philippines

The European Union has taken decisive action to address concerns regarding the dominance of major tech companies by initiating investigations into Apple, Google, and Meta. Under the Digital Markets Act, passed in December 2022, EU regulators aim to tackle anti-competitive behavior and enforce stricter regulations on these tech platforms. The probes will scrutinize various aspects of the companies' operations, including data usage, interoperability, and treatment of third-party developers. If found guilty of breaching EU competition laws, the tech giants could face substantial fines and be required to implement significant changes to their business practices. These investigations hold significant implications for the companies involved and signal a global push towards holding big tech accountable and fostering a fairer digital landscape.

A severe shortage of cocoa beans in Ivory Coast and Ghana, responsible for 60% of global cocoa production, has prompted a near shutdown of processing plants, raising concerns about chocolate prices and the livelihoods of farmers. Environmental factors such as the El Nino weather phenomenon, economic cycle-related issues like aging cocoa trees, and human factors including illegal mining have contributed to the crisis. While Ghana has taken steps such as securing loans to rehabilitate affected plantations, Ivory Coast's response has been relatively limited. Long-term solutions involve accelerating sustainability initiatives and exploring cocoa alternatives like cocoa-free chocolate. This crisis highlights the urgent need for sustainable practices to ensure the viability of the cocoa industry.

A recent study conducted by scientists in Portugal has identified a subduction zone, termed the 'Ring of Fire', beneath the Gibraltar Strait, raising concerns about the future of the Atlantic Ocean. Led by Professor João Duarte at the University of Lisbon, the study predicts the expansion of this subduction zone westwards over the next 20 million years, potentially leading to the shrinking and eventual closure of the Atlantic Ocean basin. Computer simulations trace the evolution of this subduction zone, suggesting the formation of a new Atlantic subduction system, akin to the Pacific Ocean's 'Ring of Fire'. While the timeline for these changes spans millions of years, the implications could be significant for the planet's geological landscape. Published in the journal Geology, the study sheds light on the dynamic nature of Earth's tectonic processes and underscores the long-term evolution of ocean basins.

The European Union has unveiled an ambitious plan to regulate artificial intelligence (AI), marking a significant step in shaping the future of technology governance. The proposed legislation aims to address the ethical, economic, and societal implications of AI while fostering innovation and protecting citizens' rights. Key objectives include mandating transparency and accountability in AI development, regulating high-risk AI applications like facial recognition, and navigating the complex governance landscape. Despite criticisms regarding potential innovation hindrance, the EU's approach prioritizes human-centric AI governance and aims to set a global precedent for responsible AI regulation.

The 29th session of the International Seabed Authority (ISA) Council began on March 18, 2024, in Kingston, Jamaica, with a focus on advancing discussions on draft exploitation regulations for mineral resources in the international seabed area. The Secretary-General of ISA, Mr. Michael W. Lodge, expressed optimism for the proceedings and emphasized the importance of adopting the regulations as a legal obligation. The agenda included various discussions and elections, with representatives from Uganda and India elected as Vice Presidents. The session aims to promote responsible and sustainable economic activities in the deep seabed, ensuring the involvement of all nations and stakeholders for the shared benefit of humankind.

The arrival of spring in the Northern Hemisphere is marked by the vernal equinox, which occurred on March 19, 2024. This astronomical event, signifying equal lengths of day and night, heralds the transition to longer daylight hours leading up to the summer solstice in June. Notably, a solar eclipse is anticipated on April 8, passing over parts of Mexico and the US. While the Northern Hemisphere experiences the onset of spring, the Southern Hemisphere prepares for the onset of fall. Despite being a common occurrence, a March 19 equinox is considered rare in the mainland US, with the next one projected for 2101. This transition signals the beginning of seasonal changes, with fall commencing in September and the summer solstice marking the peak of daylight hours on June 20, 2024.

In alignment with the enduring partnership between India and the United States, the two countries are engaging in a bilateral tri-Service Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR) Exercise, named Tiger Triumph – 24. Scheduled from March 18 to March 31, 2024, on the Eastern Seaboard, this exercise involves active participation from various branches of both Indian and US armed forces. The primary objectives include enhancing interoperability for HADR operations and refining Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) to ensure seamless coordination between the forces of both nations. The exercise consists of two main phases: the Harbour Phase, focusing on training visits, exchanges, sports events, and social interactions from March 18 to March 25, followed by the Sea Phase, involving maritime, amphibious, and HADR operations from March 25 to March 31.

Scientists have made a groundbreaking discovery, uncovering evidence of some of the earliest known earthquakes in rocks dating back 3.3 billion years. This finding, located in the Barberton Greenstone Belt in southern Africa, provides crucial insights into Earth's geological history and the conditions during the planet's early stages of life. By comparing the geological formations in the Barberton Greenstone Belt with younger rocks in New Zealand, researchers identified striking similarities, particularly in earthquake-triggered submarine landslides. The study suggests that the Great Marlborough Conglomerate formation, indicative of prolonged seismic activity, could offer a geological record of continuous shaking over millions of years. Furthermore, lead author Simon Lamb proposes that subduction zones, like the Hikurangi subduction zone, not only produce significant earthquakes but also create conditions conducive to the emergence and survival of life on Earth. This discovery sheds light on the violent geological processes that shaped our planet and potentially played a role in the origin of life.

An Indian Army contingent has embarked on a mission to Seychelles to partake in the Tenth edition of the Joint Military Exercise "LAMITIYE-2024" alongside Seychelles Defence Forces (SDF). The exercise, scheduled from 18th to 27th March 2024, aims to bolster interoperability in Sub-conventional Operations within Semi-Urban environments, aligning with Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter on Peace Keeping Operations. With participation from 45 personnel each from the GORKHA RIFLES of the Indian Army and SDF, the exercise seeks to fortify cooperation, promote bilateral military relations, and facilitate the exchange of skills and experiences between the two armed forces. Through a series of tactical drills, combat discussions, and demonstrations, the exercise endeavors to enhance jointness, foster collaborative partnerships, and disseminate best practices between the Indian Army and Seychelles Defence Forces.

North Korea conducted a missile test towards its eastern waters coinciding with the commencement of a democracy summit in South Korea, attended by US Secretary of State Antony Blinken. The missile launch, involving unspecified short-range ballistic missiles, followed joint military exercises between the US and South Korea, which North Korea has historically opposed. The missile test adds to a series of weapons demonstrations by North Korea this year. Meanwhile, discussions at the democracy summit highlighted the dual role of technology in fostering and undermining democracy, with reference made to recent legislative moves in the US. The summit, initiated by President Joe Biden, has faced criticism for its selective invitation list, reportedly excluding certain countries.

Recent days have witnessed a notable surge in Chinese bookings for tankers transporting crude oil from the Persian Gulf to China. This increase in activity comes amidst ongoing shipping disruptions in the Red Sea, where Iran-backed Houthi rebels in Yemen have been targeting commercial vessels. At least 10 Very Large Crude Carriers (VLCCs) have been provisionally booked from the Persian Gulf to China within a short span, a significant departure from the fewer bookings recorded in the previous week. The disruptions in the Red Sea have led many shippers to avoid the area, subsequently driving up freight rates. As a result, buyers like China are increasingly sourcing crude oil from areas that can use alternative routes, such as eastbound shipments from Persian Gulf producers like Saudi Arabia. This trend has led to increased earnings for tankers operating on the benchmark Persian Gulf-to-China route, reaching $51,517 a day on Wednesday, marking a 40% increase compared to the previous week, according to Baltic Exchange data.

The proposal to nominate the Eri (tank) network in the Kazhuveli watershed region for the World Monuments Fund Watch 2025 programme highlights the remarkable water management system dating back thousands of years in South India. Led by cultural heritage specialists and an environmental conservationist, the initiative aims to address the decline of traditional water networks and their cultural significance. With a focus on community involvement and heritage preservation, the project seeks to revitalize the endangered Eri system, starting with pilot projects in Munnur village. Stakeholder engagement and support play a crucial role in this endeavor, emphasizing the importance of recognizing and safeguarding ancient water management practices for future generations.

A tropical cyclone warning has been issued for the Gulf of Carpentaria, impacting coastal communities from Groote Eylandt to the Northern Territory-Queensland border. The Bureau of Meteorology forecasts the cyclone's movement southward over the weekend, with expectations of severe rain and strong winds before weakening early next week. Risks associated with the cyclone include a tropical low moving towards the Gulf, a vigorous monsoonal flow, and potential impacts on various locations including Nhulunbuy, Maningrida, and Milingimbi. Wind conditions, significant observations, and a separate severe weather warning for damaging surf along coastal areas have been highlighted.

In a groundbreaking discovery, scientists have revealed the presence of a colossal volcano on Mars, named Olympus Maxima. This towering geological formation, approximately three times the height of Mount Everest, marks one of the largest features observed on the Martian landscape. The discovery of Olympus Maxima opens up new avenues for understanding Martian geology, with implications for the planet's turbulent volcanic past and potential habitability. Excitement among astrobiologists is palpable as they consider the unique environments created by volcanic activity as potential havens for microbial life forms. With space agencies gearing up for ambitious missions to Mars, including NASA's Perseverance rover and the European Space Agency's ExoMars program, Olympus Maxima stands as a beacon of hope in the quest for extraterrestrial life and deeper insights into the red planet's mysteries.

Pakistan has responded to India's recent missile test, urging compliance with pre-notification agreements. India conducted the first flight test of its Agni-5 missile, showcasing its capability to deploy multiple warheads. Despite acknowledging India's notification, Pakistan emphasized the importance of adherence to the agreed timeline, as outlined in the pre-notification agreement. The Agni-5 missile, equipped with multiple independently targetable re-entry vehicle (MIRV), was launched from APJ Abdul Kalam Island in Odisha, achieving its intended parameters. This test marks a significant advancement in India's missile technology, with the Agni-5 boasting a range of up to 5,000 km, covering a substantial portion of Asia and parts of Europe, including regions of China.

The head of the African Development Bank (AfDB), Akinwumi Adesina, advocates for discontinuing loans secured by Africa's oil or critical minerals. Adesina highlights challenges such as the difficulty in pricing underground assets and the potential for exploitation in loan negotiations. These loans often lead to financial crises and hinder sustainable debt management in African countries. Major stakeholders include China and Western commodity traders, with initiatives like the Alliance for Green Infrastructure in Africa aiming to reduce reliance on problematic financing.

Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced the successful maiden flight test of India's Agni-5 missile equipped with Multiple Independently Targetable Re-entry Vehicle (MIRV) technology. Code-named "Mission Divyastra," the test signifies India's entry into an exclusive league of nations possessing MIRV missile systems. The test, conducted off the Odisha coast, showcased India's technological prowess and commitment to gender-inclusive projects, with women scientists leading the initiative. The Agni-5's MIRV system enhances India's strategic deterrence capability significantly. However, concerns arise over surveillance activities as Chinese research vessels operate in the Indian Ocean during the test, prompting collaborative diplomatic efforts among India, the US, and other Quad members to safeguard regional security interests.

In defiance of logistical challenges arising from the volatile situation in Ukraine, INS Tushil, a key vessel of the Indian Navy, has set sail for sea trials from a Russian naval base. The vessel's departure underscores the Navy's commitment to operational continuity despite obstacles. Amidst heightened tensions, the collaboration between India and Russia highlights the importance of international cooperation in maintaining maritime security. INS Tushil's journey symbolizes not only technological advancement but also the determination of those involved in its operations.

In a landmark gathering held in Yaoundé, the capital of Cameroon, African health ministers, global malaria partners, and other stakeholders convened to address the pressing issue of malaria. The gathering resulted in the Yaoundé Declaration, wherein commitments were made to end malaria deaths, particularly in light of available tools and systems.

Indian Navy's INS Tir, the lead ship of First Training Squadron (1TS), actively participated in Exercise Cutlass Express - 24 (CE – 24) held at Port Victoria, Seychelles, from 26 Feb to 08 Mar 24. The exercise, inaugurated by the President of Seychelles, witnessed the involvement of dignitaries from India, USA, and African countries. Alongside theoretical and practical training sessions on Maritime Interdiction Operations and Visit Board Search and Seizure procedures, joint diving operations were conducted with participants from 16 friendly foreign countries. INS Tir also engaged in joint EEZ surveillance with the Seychelles Coast Guard, fostering interoperability and strengthening ties between regional navies. Additionally, cultural exchanges and philanthropic activities marked the ship's goodwill gesture, reinforcing the significance of maritime cooperation in the region.

China has recently disclosed a new baseline delineating its territorial claims in the northern part of the Gulf of Tonkin, an area shared with Vietnam. The announcement, comprising seven base points, aims to address ongoing maritime disputes and foster international maritime cooperation. Despite assurances from the Chinese Foreign Ministry that the new baseline will not adversely affect Vietnam's interests or those of other nations, concerns have been raised regarding its compliance with international maritime law and its potential impact on freedom of navigation and various maritime activities. This development highlights the complexities surrounding maritime territorial disputes and underscores the need for diplomatic efforts to manage tensions in the region.

India has recently revealed its Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA), a fifth-generation stealth fighter jet designed to bolster the nation's defense capabilities. Developed indigenously, the AMCA showcases India's prowess in aerospace engineering and marks a significant milestone in its quest for self-reliance in defense technology. With advanced features including stealth capabilities, state-of-the-art avionics, radar systems, and weaponry, the AMCA is poised to redefine India's defense strategy. Emphasizing indigenous development, the project aims to reduce dependency on foreign defense imports, fostering innovation and technological advancement within the country. Beyond national defense, the AMCA project highlights India's capabilities in high-tech manufacturing and engineering, positioning the country as a key player in the global aerospace industry. Additionally, it is expected to stimulate the Indian economy by generating job opportunities and driving growth in the defense manufacturing sector. Overall, the unveiling of the AMCA represents a significant achievement for India's aerospace industry and reinforces its commitment to self-reliance in defense technology.

A recent aerial survey conducted by the Reef Authority and the Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS) revealed alarming levels of coral bleaching covering over two-thirds of the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) Marine Park. Experts confirmed that more than 300 reefs, extending from Cape Melville to Bundaberg, are experiencing bleaching, with some corals already dying. Reef Authority Chief Scientist Roger Beeden correlated the bleaching with prolonged periods of elevated sea surface temperatures, pointing to climate change as the primary driver. Local observations from scientists at James Cook University corroborated these findings, highlighting the urgency of addressing climate change to protect coral reef ecosystems. Globally, the frequency and severity of coral bleaching events are increasing, with warnings of an impending fourth global mass bleaching event. The resilience of the GBR, despite past bleaching events, faces a significant challenge amid escalating climate impacts.

The Blue Leaders High-Level Event on Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction convened in Belgium on March 7, 2024, to advocate for the ratification of the BBNJ Treaty, aimed at protecting marine biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction. Despite significant support from various countries, only two out of 88 signatories have ratified the treaty so far. Challenges include potential delays in ratification and concerns about the effectiveness of Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA). However, efforts are ongoing to expedite the ratification process and strengthen scientific support for the treaty's objectives. Additionally, countries are working towards protecting 30% of marine life by 2030, highlighting the critical role of the high seas in achieving this goal.

A newly released UNICEF report sheds light on the concerning prevalence of Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) globally. With over 230 million girls and women affected, representing a 15% increase from data released eight years ago, the report underscores the slow progress in ending this harmful practice. While African countries bear the highest burden, cases are also significant in Asia and the Middle East, with smaller numbers in other regions. Fragile and conflict-affected settings present particular challenges in addressing FGM effectively. However, some countries, such as Kenya, Sierra Leone, and Egypt, have shown promising progress in reducing prevalence. UNICEF Executive Director Catherine Russell emphasizes the urgent need to strengthen efforts to combat FGM, given its detrimental impact on girls' physical, psychological, and social well-being.

The Sela Tunnel, located amidst the rugged expanse of Arunachal Pradesh, stands as a testament to India's commitment to infrastructural development and national security. Constructed at an altitude exceeding 13,000 feet, this engineering marvel not only reduces travel time and enhances connectivity but also plays a crucial role in facilitating troop movement along the sensitive Indo-China border. Furthermore, it serves as a catalyst for socio-economic development by stimulating trade and tourism, thereby empowering local communities. Despite facing challenges such as harsh terrain and environmental concerns, the Sela Tunnel promises to be a conduit for prosperity and resilience in the Himalayan heartland with prudent management and strategic planning.

Union Minister for Agriculture & Farmers’ Welfare Shri Arjun Munda and Union Minister for Rural Development Shri Giriraj Singh jointly inaugurated four significant initiatives in the agriculture sector. These initiatives aim to enhance soil health, empower farmers, and promote sustainable agricultural practices. The initiatives include a revamped Soil Health Card Portal & Mobile Application, School Soil Health Programme, Krishi Sakhi Convergence Programme, and the Central Fertilizer Quality Control and Training Institutes’ (CFQCTI’s) Portal. The ministers emphasized the importance of soil health, education, and real-time data availability in achieving the objectives of these initiatives. These efforts signify a step towards empowering rural communities and fostering sustainable agricultural development.

The United States Coast Guard (USCG) and the Indian Coast Guard (ICG) are set to conduct a joint exercise named 'Sea Defenders-2024' in Port Blair. This exercise marks a significant advancement in bilateral cooperation between the two coast guard forces. The USCGC Bertholf, equipped with advanced technology and weaponry, has arrived from California to participate in the exercise. Scheduled for March 9-10, the exercise will focus on combating maritime piracy and asymmetric threats, including simulated drone attacks and emergency readiness exercises. The visit of USCGC Bertholf reflects a shared commitment to upholding maritime norms in the Indo-Pacific region. Past engagements between the two Coast Guards have included training, exercises, and cooperative measures, further strengthening their partnership.

A recent study delved into the mysteries of star dunes, focusing on Lala Lallia, a remarkable sand formation in eastern Morocco's Sahara Desert. These pyramid-shaped dunes, towering up to 1,000 feet tall, exhibit a unique star-like appearance from above. Utilizing ground-penetrating radar and luminescence dating, researchers uncovered Lala Lallia's internal structure and estimated its formation time to be around 900 years. The findings shed light on the complex formation process of star dunes, contributing to our understanding of desert landscapes and geological history.

The Ministry of Jal Shakti (MoJS) has joined forces with the Indian Institute of Science (IISc) Bangalore to establish the International Centre of Excellence for Dams (ICED). This collaboration aims to elevate the expertise of national institutions to a global level, thereby supporting the 'Make in India' initiative, particularly in the domain of dam safety. ICED will serve as a technological hub, providing specialized technical support, conducting advanced research, offering training programs for dam engineers, and modernizing infrastructure. With a grant of 118.05 crore rupees from the Ministry, ICED is poised to become a cornerstone in ensuring the safety of dams, not only in India but also in disseminating knowledge to other nations.

A total solar eclipse is set to mesmerize the world on April 8, 2024, offering a rare spectacle as the Sun disappears from view, plunging areas within the path of totality into darkness akin to nightfall. Viewers are advised to exercise caution, removing eclipse glasses only during the brief period of totality when the Moon fully obstructs the Sun. This celestial event presents a unique opportunity to witness the Sun's corona and possibly the chromosphere, accompanied by a noticeable drop in air temperatures. The eclipse marks the final chance to experience a total solar eclipse from the contiguous United States until 2044.

NASA's recent satellite imagery has brought to light a fascinating atmospheric phenomenon known as "hole-punch clouds" or "odd holes." Initially sparking speculation ranging from natural occurrences to extraterrestrial interventions, further investigation has revealed a correlation between these distinctive cloud formations and aeroplane activity. Dr. Emily Park, a meteorologist at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, elucidates the mechanism behind these phenomena, attributing them to aeroplanes passing through clouds of supercooled water droplets, inducing a rapid freezing process termed "cloud seeding." The unprecedented clarity and scale provided by satellite imagery have enabled researchers to refine atmospheric models and better comprehend the interplay between aviation and cloud dynamics. This discovery holds significant implications for aviation safety, weather forecasting, and climate studies, prompting collaboration between NASA, meteorological agencies, and aviation authorities to navigate the complexities of Earth's atmosphere.

India has witnessed a notable improvement in its ranking in the World Bank’s Women, Business and Law (WBL) index, reaching 113 out of 190 countries in the latest edition. The WBL index serves as a crucial indicator of the disparities in legal rights between men and women globally. According to the recent report, Indian women are found to enjoy 60% of the legal rights afforded to men, although this figure falls below the global average of 64.2%. This underscores the ongoing efforts needed to bridge the gender gap in legal frameworks and promote greater gender equality in India and around the world.

General Arjun Singh, India's Chief of Defence Staff, recently addressed the significance of comprehending and preparing for grey zone warfare in today's security landscape. Grey zone warfare involves adversaries utilizing unconventional tactics and ambiguous methods to achieve their goals, operating below the threshold of traditional armed conflict. Unlike conventional warfare, grey zone warfare operates in the shadows, leveraging cyber attacks, disinformation campaigns, economic coercion, and proxy forces to blur the lines between war and peace. General Singh emphasized the challenges posed by grey zone warfare to traditional military doctrines and strategies, particularly in India's complex security environment marked by threats from state and non-state actors. He stressed the need for a comprehensive approach, including enhancing intelligence capabilities, bolstering cyber defenses, fostering strategic partnerships, and promoting societal resilience. Proactive measures and strategic foresight are essential to counter grey zone aggression before it escalates into full-blown conflict. As nations worldwide reassess their defense strategies to confront these elusive threats, informed analysis and proactive measures are crucial for navigating the complexities of grey zone conflict.

Around 170 individuals were "executed" in a series of attacks targeting three villages in northern Burkina Faso on February 25. The villages of Komsilga, Nodin, and Soroe in Yatenga province were affected, with survivors reporting that women and young children were among the victims. The regional public prosecutor, Aly Benjamin Coulibaly, initiated a provisional death count and ordered an investigation into the attacks, appealing to the public for any relevant information. These attacks are separate from other deadly incidents in the region, as Burkina Faso continues to grapple with a jihadist insurgency led by groups affiliated with Al-Qaeda and the Islamic State.

Moscow, Riyadh, and several other OPEC+ members have announced an extension of oil production cuts initially introduced in 2023 to stabilize oil prices amidst economic uncertainties. The extension, effective until mid-2024, involves significant cuts by Saudi Arabia and Russia for the second quarter of the year. These additional cuts will be gradually restored based on market conditions after the second quarter. Other OPEC+ members, including UAE, Kuwait, Iraq, and Kazakhstan, have also committed to extending their voluntary cuts until the end of June. Despite historical efforts to stabilize prices, challenges to the cohesion of OPEC+ have emerged due to disagreements among members, with Angola exiting the alliance in December over a production cut dispute.

Recent research sheds light on Antarctica's Thwaites Glacier, ominously dubbed the 'Doomsday Glacier' for its potential to contribute to rising sea levels. Contrary to previous assumptions, ice loss in the glacier has been ongoing since the 1940s, with El Niño events exacerbating the melting process. The interplay between natural climate variability and human-induced climate change underscores the urgency of addressing greenhouse gas emissions. Efforts to monitor Thwaites Glacier's behavior through satellite observations, field expeditions, and modeling techniques are crucial for understanding its impacts on global sea levels and ecosystems.

India delivered a robust response to Pakistan's mention of Jammu and Kashmir at the United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC) session. First Secretary Anupama Singh of India's Permanent Mission to the UN in Geneva exercised India's Right of Reply, expressing regret over Turkiye's remarks and firmly rejecting Pakistan's comments. India criticized Pakistan's involvement in terrorism and economic challenges, contrasting it with India's pluralistic ethos. Furthermore, India emphasized Jammu and Kashmir's integral part of India and condemned Pakistan's systemic persecution of minorities, citing the example of the persecution of Christian communities in Pakistan.

The 37th African Union Summit, held in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, concluded on February 18, 2024, bringing together heads of states and governments from member countries to deliberate on crucial issues including education, climate, and economy. African nations, despite contributing minimally to the global climate crisis, bear disproportionate impacts and face challenges in accessing finance for mitigation efforts. The summit witnessed discussions on reforming the global financial system to better address the needs of developing countries, leading to the launch of the Africa Club aimed at aligning Africa's financial influence with sustainable development goals. Additionally, leaders reiterated the proposal for an African Monetary Union and outlined priorities for addressing global financial architecture imbalances. Proposals put forth by Ghana's President emphasized empowering African financial institutions, signaling Africa's growing voice in global initiatives. The summit highlighted the continent's increased participation in global forums, exemplified by the African Union's full membership status in the G20, signaling a shift towards addressing economic frameworks that better serve African interests.

Recent confirmations by the International Astronomical Union's Minor Planet Center have unveiled three new moons within our solar system, adding to the celestial intrigue surrounding Uranus and Neptune. These moons, identified through ground-based telescopic observations, pose unique challenges due to their diminutive size and distant orbits. Uranus' new moon, designated as S/2023 U1, joins the planet's ensemble with its small 5-mile diameter, while Neptune welcomes two new satellites, S/2002 N5 and S/2021 N1, ranging from 8.7 to 14.3 miles in diameter. Employing innovative image stacking techniques, astronomers were able to distinguish these faint objects against the cosmic backdrop, underscoring the advancing capabilities of ground-based telescopes. These discoveries not only expand our understanding of the solar system's dynamics but also highlight the ongoing exploration facilitated by technological advancements in astronomical observation.

NATO has initiated its largest military exercise in Europe, dubbed Steadfast Defender 2024, signaling a stance of unity against Russia, particularly following its incursion into Ukraine. The exercise, conducted in two phases, focuses on maritime reinforcement across the Atlantic and Arctic in the first phase, followed by multi-domain exercises across Europe in the second phase. With over 90,000 troops from 31 NATO allies participating, the exercise incorporates land, air, sea, cyber, and space operations to bolster civil-military cooperation. Beyond its military significance, Steadfast Defender 2024 serves as a demonstration of NATO's collective military strength and commitment to member security, while also aiming to deter further Russian aggression in Ukraine.

More than 3,000 passengers and crew members find themselves stranded in Mauritius waters after authorities in the Indian Ocean island nation prevented a Norwegian Cruise Line ship, the Norwegian Dawn, from docking due to health concerns. The decision came after some passengers reported mild symptoms of a stomach-related illness during the ship's recent trip to South Africa. While the specific nature of the health risk was not disclosed, the Mauritius port authority took samples from isolated passengers aboard the vessel. Collaboration between the ship's management and Mauritian authorities ensued to ensure necessary precautions were in place. The delay in docking has significant implications, impacting both passengers' travel plans and Mauritius' tourism-dependent economy.

The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) has released a report highlighting significant disruptions in global shipping routes, particularly focusing on the Red Sea, Black Sea, and Panama Canal. Maritime transport, serving as the cornerstone of international trade, is facing unprecedented challenges due to escalating attacks by Houthi militants in the Red Sea, geopolitical conflicts affecting the Black Sea, and decreasing water levels in the Panama Canal. These disruptions have led to reduced transits through key canals, rerouting of vessels, increased trade expenses, and environmental concerns. Developing countries are especially vulnerable to these disruptions, necessitating swift adaptation and international cooperation to ensure sustainable trade solutions.

Amidst global concerns over food security, the G-33 alliance, consisting of diverse nations, emphasizes the urgent need for a lasting solution to the conflict between public stockholding and international trade regulations. Developing nations heavily reliant on stockholding face penalties due to limitations imposed by WTO agreements. Balancing domestic agricultural needs with trade obligations is further complicated by climate change and market volatility. The G-33 calls for a permanent WTO framework accommodating developing countries' concerns, ensuring flexibility in implementing stockholding programs without reprisal. Their advocacy extends beyond economics, emphasizing the impact on millions, particularly in vulnerable regions. Discussions prioritize finding consensus, highlighting the moral imperative to prioritize human welfare in global trade policies.

Armenia's Prime Minister, Nikol Pashinyan, announced the freezing of Armenia's participation in the Collective Security Treaty Organisation (CSTO), citing the organization's failure to fulfill its objectives, particularly in 2021 and 2022. Pashinyan also accused Azerbaijan of not adhering to principles necessary for a long-term peace treaty and suggested preparations for another attack. In response, Azerbaijan rejected the allegations, accusing Pashinyan of disrupting regional stability. Despite recent discussions between Pashinyan and Azerbaijani President Ilham Aliyev aimed at advancing towards a peace treaty, challenges persist, primarily concerning territorial disputes and control of ethnic enclaves.

The Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts (IGNCA) marked International Mother Language Day with the "Akshar | Shabd | Bhasha" exhibition, organized by the Kalanidhi Division and Academic Unit. Running until 29th February 2024, the exhibition showcases the linguistic richness of India, emphasizing the importance of mother languages and efforts to preserve them. Featuring curated quotes in 22 scheduled languages at Darshanam II gallery and immersive experiences in Darshanam I and corridors, the exhibition highlights cultural heritage. Inaugurated by dignitaries including Ms. Lily Pandeya and Dr. Sachchidanand Joshi, the event underscores UNESCO's mission to promote linguistic diversity. Additionally, IGNCA's Academic Unit, established in 2017, continues its mandate to document, preserve, and disseminate Indian Arts and Cultural Heritage through expanded course offerings.

The MakhaBucha ceremony, a significant event for Buddhists in Thailand, was conducted with grace by esteemed monks, including Somdet, at a venue where holy relics of Lord Buddha and his disciples, brought from India, are enshrined. MakhaBucha Day, celebrated on the full moon day of the third lunar month, marks Lord Buddha's teachings to his disciples. This festival, observed in countries like Thailand, Laos, and Cambodia, signifies the beginning of the Buddhist calendar. Visitors pay homage to the Holy Relics during a 26-day exposition in Thailand. Additionally, a cultural talk on "Thai India Friendship since Buddha till now" by Dr. Supachai Veeraphuchong was organized at the Sanam Luang pavilion.

The completion of the Shahpur Kandi Barrage, situated at the Punjab-Jammu and Kashmir border, marks a significant milestone in India's water resource management. This project, which has faced decades of challenges, aims to enhance agricultural productivity and aligns with the provisions of the Indus Water Treaty. Under the Modi government, with the intervention of Union MoS Dr Jitendra Singh, the project resumed in 2018, overcoming past hurdles. India's decision to halt the flow of water into Pakistan in 2019 reflects a shift in policy priorities, focusing on domestic needs. The project's completion signifies a reevaluation of water utilization strategies and highlights India's commitment to prioritize its own development agenda while adhering to international agreements.

At the recent Raisina Dialogue in New Delhi, the eight Nordic-Baltic countries participated as representatives of the NB8, emphasizing the critical need for trust, dialogue, and cooperation amidst global turmoil and conflicts. Highlighting shared values of democracy, human rights, and multilateralism, the Nordic-Baltic nations showcased their deepening collaboration with India across various fields such as innovation, green transition, and maritime affairs. With geopolitical interests intertwined, the delegation underscored the importance of collective efforts to uphold international law and address security threats, particularly in the context of Russia's aggression against Ukraine. The visit to India marks a milestone in diplomatic engagement, signaling a commitment to advancing mutual interests and fostering peace and stability on a global scale.

In an extraordinary turn of events, the arid landscape of Badwater Basin, nestled within Death Valley, has undergone a remarkable transformation, defying its reputation as one of North America's driest regions. Following the onslaught of Hurricane Hilary in August 2023, a temporary lake, later named Manly Lake, emerged in the parched salt flats. Surprisingly, this ephemeral water body persisted through fall and winter, receiving reinforcement from a powerful atmospheric river in February 2024. Meticulous satellite documentation by NASA illustrates the basin's evolution before and after extreme weather events, highlighting the drastic changes. The disruption of Badwater Basin's traditional evaporation pattern, caused by increased precipitation over the past six months, further contributed to the formation and sustenance of Manly Lake. Despite initial expectations of rapid dissipation, the lake endured for an unprecedented duration, captivating observers with its unique aesthetic appeal. Park officials remain uncertain about the lake's future, speculating on its potential persistence until late March. This rare occurrence underscores the dynamic nature of Earth's landscapes and the profound impact of climatic variability.

A recent study delves into Earth's early history, focusing on ancient geological formations dating back around 3.5 billion years ago. Led by a research team, the study examines the Singhbhum Craton in India alongside similar regions in South Africa and Australia. Through field-based studies and uranium-lead radiometric-age dating, the team uncovered evidence of common explosive-style volcanic eruptions during this period, providing valuable insights into early Earth processes. The findings not only enhance our understanding of Earth's formative years and tectonic activities during the Archaean era but also contribute to hypothesizing early habitable conditions and the emergence of life on Earth. The research underscores the importance of further exploration into the geological history of ancient cratons worldwide to construct a comprehensive model of Archaean geological processes.

In line with India's G20 presidency priorities, the World Health Organization (WHO) has inaugurated the Global Initiative on Digital Health (GIDH). This virtual launch event saw the participation of prominent figures such as Union Health Minister Mansukh Mandaviya and India’s UN representative, Arindam Bagchi. The GIDH aims to foster international collaboration in digital health by providing a platform for sharing knowledge and digital products among nations. Key components of the initiative include a Country Needs Tracker, a Country Resource Portal, a Transformation Toolbox, and a Knowledge Exchange platform. Through GIDH, the WHO intends to address specific digital health needs, mitigate fragmentation, and ensure interoperability in health systems globally. The initiative underscores the growing importance of digital solutions in healthcare delivery and marks a significant milestone in global health cooperation.

An Indian delegation, led by Commerce Secretary Sunil Barthwal, is set to depart for London with the aim of sealing a free trade agreement (FTA) with the United Kingdom before the general elections. The visit gains importance as the announcement of election dates is imminent, triggering the Model Code of Conduct (MCC). The Prime Minister’s Office (PMO) recently reviewed the progress of the India-UK FTA talks, underscoring the high-level attention to the negotiations. The FTA negotiations, initiated in January 2022, cover various sectors including goods, services, investments, and intellectual property rights. Both sides have specific demands, with Indian industries seeking greater access in the UK market for skilled professionals and goods, while the UK aims for reduced import duties on specific items and expanded opportunities for its services in Indian markets. Bilateral trade between India and the UK has shown growth, reaching $20.36 billion in 2022-23, highlighting the increasing economic ties between the two nations.

The ninth edition of the Raisina Dialogue, commencing from February 21 to February 23 in New Delhi, presents a crucial forum for discussions on global geopolitics and geoeconomics. Prime Minister Narendra Modi will inaugurate the conference, with Greece’s Prime Minister Kyriakos Mitsotakis attending as the chief guest. Organized by the Observer Research Foundation in collaboration with the Ministry of External Affairs, the Dialogue convenes stakeholders from diverse backgrounds including politics, business, media, and civil society. With the theme "Chaturanga: Conflict, Contest, Cooperate, Create," the conference will delve into six thematic pillars covering various aspects of contemporary global challenges. Expecting participation from over 2,500 delegates representing approximately 115 countries, the event will also be widely broadcasted on digital platforms, aiming to engage millions worldwide.

A recent report by the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP) reveals concerning findings about the progress of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in the Asia-Pacific region. Despite global commitments, none of the 17 SDGs are on track in the region, with projections indicating a delay of 32 years in their attainment, extending until 2062. Only 11% of measurable SDG targets are currently on track, and progress toward SDG 13 (Climate Action) is notably lagging. Data availability poses a significant challenge, with two-thirds of targets currently not measurable. Urgent action is needed to address these setbacks and accelerate progress towards achieving the SDGs in the Asia-Pacific region.

India has made a significant contribution of 1 million US Dollars to the Poverty and Hunger Alleviation Fund established by India, Brazil, and South Africa (IBSA). The cheque was handed over by India's Permanent Representative to the UN, Ambassador Ruchira Kamboj, to the Director of the UN Office for South-South Cooperation (UNOSSC), Dima Al-Khatib. The IBSA Fund, operational since 2006, aims to identify replicable and scalable projects to alleviate poverty and hunger in the Global South. Ambassador Kamboj reiterated India's commitment to supporting the fund, highlighting its positive impact on millions of lives and its alignment with the principles of South-South cooperation. This contribution underscores India's dedication to global development, particularly during its G20 Presidency, which prioritizes the empowerment and well-being of people worldwide.

The 'INDUS-X' summit, initiated in June 2023, marks a significant milestone in the collaborative efforts between India and the US to advance bilateral defence innovation and collaboration. Organized by iDEX and the US Department of Defence, in collaboration with the US-India Business Council and SIDM, the summit aims to drive strategic technology partnerships and defence industrial cooperation. It features activities and insightful sessions designed to foster collaboration, innovation, and knowledge exchange among stakeholders from governments, academic institutions, investors, defence start-ups, and industry associations. This summit underscores the growing defence and strategic ties between India and the US, highlighted by key agreements like LEMOA, COMCASA, and BECA, which facilitate interoperability, technology sharing, and logistics cooperation.

The European Union has initiated a naval mission, Operation Aspides, with the objective of safeguarding cargo ships navigating the Red Sea from attacks by Yemen’s Houthi rebels. This decision, announced by European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen, aims to ensure freedom of navigation in the region while strengthening European presence at sea to protect European interests. The mission involves deploying warships and early warning systems across strategic waters, with operational command headquartered in Larissa, Greece. Rules of engagement dictate that Aspides vessels can only retaliate if attacked first, with preemptive strikes prohibited. Houthi attacks, initially targeting Israel-linked ships, have disrupted global trade routes, leading to economic repercussions. Recent incidents include the attack on the Rubymar cargo ship and the downing of a US drone. Maritime security firms like Ambrey are actively responding to such incidents.

Amidst the remote highlands of Papua New Guinea's Enga province, a harrowing incident has unfolded, as reported by Australian state media on February 19. The massacre, which claimed the lives of 53 men, was perpetrated through a fatal ambush involving gunfire. While Australian Broadcasting Corp documented the aftermath with disturbing visuals of bodies being loaded onto a police truck, authorities in the capital city of Port Moresby are yet to confirm the incident. This tragic event marks a significant escalation in the ongoing tribal violence plaguing the region, further exacerbating tensions within Papua New Guinea.

The alarming acceleration of glacier melting worldwide due to climate change poses a significant threat to the stability of the Gulf Stream, a crucial ocean current regulating climate in the North Atlantic region. A recent study published in Nature Communications warns of the potential collapse of the Gulf Stream between 2025 and 2095, with profound implications for global weather patterns and sea levels. Without urgent action to mitigate carbon emissions, the consequences could include drastic temperature drops, increased extreme weather events, and rising sea levels along the eastern coast of North America. The study's findings underscore the urgent need for comprehensive climate action to avert catastrophic disruptions to oceanic currents and mitigate the impacts of climate change on a global scale.

The United Nations has identified seven impactful initiatives from various regions across the globe as World Restoration Flagships. These initiatives focus on the revival and preservation of ecosystems facing degradation due to factors such as wildfires, drought, deforestation, and pollution. Led by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the awards confer technical and financial support to the recognized projects. These efforts align with the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration, aiming to restore approximately 40 million hectares and generate around 500,000 jobs globally. The initiatives cover diverse regions and ecosystems, from the Mediterranean forests to the Indus River basin, Andean forests, Sri Lankan mangroves, and African drylands. Through collaborative efforts involving local communities and international support, these initiatives signify a significant step towards addressing global environmental challenges and promoting sustainable development.

Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi delivered a speech at the 'AHLAN MODI' event in Abu Dhabi, UAE, organized by the Indian community. The event, attended by a diverse audience including Emiratis, showcased the strong ties between India and the UAE. Prime Minister Modi expressed gratitude for the support provided by the UAE government during challenging times, outlined India's vision for economic growth, and emphasized its global role. With the UAE hosting approximately 3.5 million Indian nationals, preparations for the event had been underway for months to ensure its success.

Prime Minister Narendra Modi was invited by His Highness Sheikh Mohamed bin Rashid Al Maktoum to attend the World Governments Summit in Dubai as the Guest of Honour on February 14, 2024. The summit saw the participation of 20 world leaders and delegates from over 120 countries. In his keynote address, Prime Minister Modi discussed India’s transformative reforms, leveraging digital technology for welfare, and emphasized a human-centric approach to governance. He called for global collaboration to tackle future challenges and highlighted India’s leadership role in addressing global issues, particularly advocating for the Global South. Additionally, Prime Minister Modi urged action on climate change through initiatives like Mission LiFE (Lifestyle for Environment) for a sustainable world.

The Aral Sea, once a thriving endorheic lake nestled between Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan, has faced a harrowing decline, nearly vanishing from existence. Historically sustained by the inflow of waters from the Syr Darya and the Amu Darya rivers, the lake's demise can be traced back to the ill-conceived water diversion project initiated by the Soviet Union in 1960. This project, aimed at supporting irrigation endeavors in arid regions, inadvertently led to the catastrophic depletion of the Aral Sea. The consequences of this environmental tragedy extend far beyond ecological concerns, impacting land degradation, desertification, water scarcity, malnutrition, and declining health conditions in the surrounding areas. Despite efforts from various international and local entities to mitigate the damage, the compounding effects of climate change pose significant challenges, accelerating the disappearance of the Aral Sea and exacerbating the suffering of local communities.

The Metropolitan Police in the United Kingdom revealed that Abdul Ezedi, the main suspect in an acid attack on a woman and her two daughters in Clapham, South London, is presumed to have drowned in the Thames river. Ezedi, a convicted sex offender from Afghanistan, had attacked the victims with a corrosive substance, leaving them hospitalized. Despite extensive investigations, Ezedi was last seen on Chelsea Bridge, and surveillance footage indicated he likely entered the water. The public had been warned not to approach him, and bystanders who assisted the victims were commended by the police. This incident underscores ongoing challenges in combating acid attacks in the UK.

The Geological Institute of Israel recently unveiled a groundbreaking discovery—an underwater canyon near Cyprus, named Eratosthenes after the adjacent underwater mountain. Dating back approximately 5.5 million years to the Messinian Event, this canyon stretches about 10 km wide and plunges to depths of 500 m. Its formation is attributed to a decrease in the Mediterranean Sea level coupled with a rise in water salinity during the Messinian period, leading to the creation of gravity currents and subsequent destabilization of submarine slopes. This finding not only provides insights into the environmental conditions of high salinity and lower sea levels during the Messinian event but also contributes to our understanding of the geological phenomenon known as the Messinian salinity crisis, characterized by partial or near-complete desiccation of the Mediterranean Sea.

An Inter-Ministerial delegation from India actively participated in the 28th Session of the UN Climate Change Conference (COP 28) held in Dubai from November 30 to December 13, 2023. The conference addressed crucial global climate issues, resulting in significant agreements and outcomes.